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最後更新: 2016-10-24
目錄
- ISO 檔 (loop)
- umount
- 一般 mount options
- mount a partition
- remount readonly
- mount by partitation label
- 其他
loop mount
Usage:
mount /tmp/disk.img /mnt -t vfat -o loop=/dev/loop
-o loop
mount will try to find some unused loop device and use that
ISO 檔
- iocharset (中文檔名 ), default 是 iso8859-1, 有時要改用 unicode 才不會亂碼
umount
-l # does a "lazy" unmount
(which means it keeps waiting until the device isn’t busy any longer before automatically unmounting it)
-k # Kill processes accessing the file.
-f # Force unmount
(cause data loss for open files)
一般 mount options
# 常見的 default
- defaults (equivalent to rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async)
# mount -a 時是否 auto mount
- auto
- noauto
# 此 partition 上可否行 binary
- exec (default)
- noexec
# readonly
- ro
- rw
# sync
- sync
- async
# 一般 user 可否 mount 此 partition
- user ( noexec,nosuid,nodev )
- nouser (default)
# suid 是否有效
- suid
- nosuid
#
- noatime # file 的 atime
- nodiratime # directory 的 atime
- relatime # update inode access times relative to modify or change time
mount a partition
查看 file 的 partition 結構
server:~# fdisk -l diags.img
Disk diags.img: 4 MB, 4644864 bytes 16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9 cylinders, total 9072 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System diags.img1 * 63 9071 4504+ 4 FAT16 <32M
* 512 bytes per sector
* partition start from 63
N = mount partition = Start * block
Usage:
losetup /dev/loop0 disk.img -o N
mount /dev/loop0 /mnt/tmp
i.e.
# mount partition 1
# N = 63 x 512 = 32256
losetup /dev/loop0 disk.img -o 32256
mount /dev/loop0 /mnt/tmp
# END
umount /mnt
losetup -d /dev/loop0
bind mount
A bind mount is an alternate view of a directory tree.
A bind mount instead takes an existing directory tree and replicates it under a different point.
(除了 ro 外 owner, group 及 permission 都是一樣)
所以如果想用不同的 owner, group 及 permission, 就要用 bindfs
Usage
By fstab
/opt/var_log /var/log none bind 0 0By Cli - mount
mount --bind A C
mount --bind -o ro A B
Force un-mount
# -l – Lazy unmount. Detach the filesystem from the filesystem hierarchy now,
and cleanup all references to the filesystem as soon as it is not busy anymore.
# -f – Force unmount
umount -f -l /mnt/myfolder
Opts
- 0 成功 umount
- 32 umount: /dev/sde: not mounted
remount
# 當 mount point 有人 Writer 時, 那不能 remount ro (即是對方不是 root)
mount -o remount,ro /mnt/data
mount: /mnt/data is busy
# 有 D opts 係唔可以 remount, i.e. xfs 的 pquota
mount -o remount,pquota /mnt/data
remount readonly
mount -o remount,ro /
"mount: / is busy"
解決多法
lsof /
vsftpd 10172 guwang 3w REG 8,2 84310047 130941 /var/log/xferlog screen 8100 root 5u REG 8,2 4608 130823 /var/run/utmp zabbix_ag 1433 zabbix 3w REG 8,2 4 131579 /var/run/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.pid
找出有 "w" flag 的 proccess
lsof / | awk '$4 ~ /[0-9].*w/'
auditd 576 root 4w REG 253,0 878458 17087583 /var/log/audit/audit.log firewalld 628 root 3w REG 253,0 0 33624257 /var/log/firewalld rsyslogd 924 root 3w REG 253,0 20050 33624258 /var/log/cron rsyslogd 924 root 4w REG 253,0 887146 33975068 /var/log/messages rsyslogd 924 root 6w REG 253,0 21831 33975069 /var/log/secure rsyslogd 924 root 8w REG 253,0 2574 33975070 /var/log/maillog tuned 928 root 3w REG 253,0 16971 17070394 /var/log/tuned/tuned.log
找出它們並 stop 它們
- /etc/init.d/crond stop
- /etc/init.d/rsyslog stop
- /etc/init.d/mysqld stop
- /etc/init.d/httpd stop
- /etc/init.d/postfix stop
- /etc/init.d/vsftpd stop
如果仍是 umount 唔到, 那問題是
This is caused by deleted files they are still used by a process.
To find out which processes use deleted files use the tool
You have to restart them to make the files are released.
check mountpoint
$ mountpoint /home
/home is a mountpoint
$ mountpoint /bin
/bin is not a mountpoint
mount by partitation label
[1]
tune2fs -L usb-disk1 /dev/sdh1
[2]
re-plug usb disk
[3]
ls -l /dev/disk/by-label/usb-disk1
/dev/disk/by-label/usb-disk1 -> ../../sdh1
其他
