batch script (*.bat)

由 datahunter 在三, 12/12/2012 - 18:28 發表

最後更新: 2023-04-20

Comment
Batch script set window size
Variables
特殊 Variables
Windows 的一些路徑 Variable
現在的日期及時間
Colon":" in variable name
stdin 與 stderr
Parameter(%0 ~ %9)
Check file exists
EXIT
Assign output of a program to a variable
PAUSE
Sleep
FOR Loop
Run batch files one by one
start cmd
Run batch files Simultaneously
Multiple commands on a single line
&& 與 &
Run cmd on exit
ERRORLEVEL number
SETLOCAL
if ... else ...
windows path variabe

Comment

REM [Message]

:: [Message]

與 commands 同一行的 comment

echo test & :: comment

Batch script set window size

MODE [width],[height]

i.e.

MODE 80,24

Variables

set

set [<Variable>=[<String>]]
set [/p] <Variable>=[<PromptString>]
set /a <Variable>=<Expression>

/p PromptString # Sets the value of Variable to a line of input entered by the user.

/a # Sets String to a numerical expression that is evaluated.

e.g

[1]

set /p MyVar="Please input something: "

[2]

@echo off & cls
set var=testing 1 2 3
echo The variable is "%var%"

pause > null

* "=" 兩邊不能有空格 !!

* 要行的 exe 不能是 VAR 來

特殊 Variables

%~dp0 # 批次檔存在的目錄位置

現在的日期及時間

echo %date%

date /t

03/26/2020 Thu

echo %time%

time /t

15:18:59.21

Colon":" in variable name

Edit/Replace:

%variable:StrToFind=NewStr%

i.e.

:: Replace '1234' with 'Hello'
SET test=1234abcd
echo %test:1234=Hello%
echo %test%

Extract part of a variable (substring):

%variable:~num_chars_to_skip%

%variable:~num_chars_to_skip,num_chars_to_keep%

* This can include negative numbers

SET DATE=%date%
SET DAY=%DATE:~0,2%
SET MONTH=%DATE:~3,2%
SET YEAR=%DATE:~6,4%
SET DATE_FRM=%YEAR%-%MONTH%-%DAY%

stdin 與 stderr

If you redirect the output to the NUL device using "dir file.xxx > nul",

you will still see the error message:

File Not Found

To redirect the error message to NUL, use the following command:

dir file.xxx 2> nul

Or, you can redirect the output to one place, and the errors to another.

dir file.xxx > output.msg 2> output.err

You can print the errors and standard output to a single file by using the "&1" command to redirect the output for STDERR to STDOUT and then sending the output from STDOUT to a file:

dir file.xxx 1> output.msg 2>&1

Parameter(%0 ~ %9)

Parameters = %0 ~ %9

%0 is the program name as it was called,
%1 is the first command line parameter,
%2 is the second command line parameter,

test for the existence of a command line parameter

@ECHO OFF

IF "%1"=="" (
    ECHO "VSS"
) ELSE (
    ECHO "BACKUP"
)

Quotes

If the passed argument has quotes around it, %1 includes the quotes.

Where as, %~1 provides the argument value with quotes removed.

Check file exists

@echo off

IF EXIST filename. (
    del filename.
) ELSE (
    echo filename. missing.
)

EXIT

EXIT [/B] [exitCode]

/B # When used in a batch script, this option will exit only the script (or subroutine) but not CMD.EXE

exitCode # Sets the %ERRORLEVEL% to a numeric number.

i.e.

C:\>echo %ERRORLEVEL%

Assign output of a program to a variable

application arg0 arg1 > temp.txt

set /p VAR=<temp.txt

PAUSE

The most obvious way to pause a batch file is of course the PAUSE command.

This will stop execution of the batch file until someone presses "any key"

Sleep

TIMEOUT

"TIMEOUT" will delay execution of the next command by N seconds,

or until a key is pressed, whichever is shorter.

# press a key to continue ...

TIMEOUT /T 10

# press CTRL+C to quit ...

TIMEOUT /T 10 /NOBREAK

i.e.

@echo off
echo %time%
timeout 5 /nobreak > NUL
echo %time%

另一個 Sleep 方案

# 假設 IP 192.168.0.253 沒有被設備使用, 以下 cmd 會在 60 秒內等對方回應

PING 192.168.0.253 -n 1 -w 60000 >NUL

FOR Loop

FOR /L

Conditionally perform a command for a range of numbers.

* /L 無分大細階

Syntax

FOR /L %%parameter IN (start,step,end) DO command

Key

start # The first number
step # The amount by which to increment the sequence
end # The last number

* A replaceable parameter:
* In a batch file use %%G (on the command line %G)

i.e. Count from 1 up to 100

for /l %x in (1, 1, 5) do echo %x

FOR /G

# echo Sun ~ Sat

FOR %G IN (Sun Mon Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat) DO echo %G

FOR /F

Loop against a set of files,

file-set(filename1, filename2) is one or more file names of file or (dir /b)

Syntax

FOR /F %Variable IN (file-set) DO command

FOR /F ["Options"] %Variable IN (file-set) DO command [command-parameters]

Options

skip=0 A number of lines to skip at the beginning of the file.

eol=; Character at the start of each line to indicate a comment

delims=xxx   The delimiter character(s). Default for strings = a space or TAB.
tokens=1      Specifies which numbered items to read from each line
                    "tokens=*" will cause all items on each line to be processed

Example

[1] 讀 files.ls 一行行列出其內容

# 建立 3 個空檔供測試
copy NUL 1.txt & copy NUL 2.bak & copy NUL 3.txt

# txt 的檔表
dir /b *.txt > files.ls

# 讀 files.ls 一行行列出其內容
FOR /F %f IN (files.ls) DO echo %f

[2] 當 filename 有空格時 ("4.jpg 1.txt")

copy NUL "4.jpg 4.txt"

dir /b *.txt > files.ls

FOR /F "tokens=*" %f IN (files.ls) DO echo "%f"

* 必須用 " 括住 %f, 因為 filename 有空格 - "%f"

Run batch script one by one

要 run 的每個script 前都要加 call

Example

run-all.bat

call C:\bak-jobs\b.bat
call C:\bak-jobs\a.bat

原因係 Backward Compatibility

In ancient dos versions it was not possible to recursively execute batch files.

Then the call command was introduced that called another cmd shell to execute the batch file and

returned execution back to the calling cmd shell when finished.

Call ALL bat in Folder

FOR %x IN (*.bat) DO call "%x"

start cmd

START "title" [/D path] [options] "command" [parameters]

Key:

title # Text for the CMD window title bar (required.)
path # Starting directory.
command # The command, batch file or executable program to run.
parameters # The parameters passed to the command.

Options:

/MIN Start window Minimized.
/MAX Start window Maximized.
/W or /WAIT Start application and wait for it to terminate.

Example

# Start an application and specify where files will be saved (Working Directory):

START /D c:\apc ...

Run batch files Simultaneously

Monitor.bat

start cmd.exe /C D:\batch1.bat
start cmd.exe /C D:\batch2.bat
start cmd.exe /C D:\batch3.bat

Remark

/C Carries out the command specified by string and then terminates
/K Carries out the command specified by string but remains

Multiple commands on a single line

ping 192.168.123.1 > null && echo "mount drive on server"

&& 與 &

& # separates commands on a line. "&" is the Bash equivalent for ";"

&& # runs the second command on the line when the first command comes back successfully, or with an errorlevel of 0.

|| # The opposite of &&.

Run cmd on exit

This is not possible.

CMD do not have any kind of event triggered command.

This includes events such as closing its window, moving its window, scrolling its window contents, and mouse clicks.

方案

Run a secondary cmd in silent mode that will always check the first cmd running with pid.

When the first not appear the secondary trigger the require event and run exit cmd to close itself.

ERRORLEVEL number

Specifies a true condition only if the previous program run by cmd.exe returned an exit code equal to or greater than Number.

其中一次 ping 成功, ERRORLEVEL 就會 0

echo %ERRORLEVEL%

SETLOCAL

EnableDelayedExpansion

cause variables within a batch file to be expanded at execution time rather than at parse time

SETLOCAL EnableDelayedExpansion

"for"的時候在迴圈中想要去改 set Variable 卻無法改變.

set var=0
for %%a in (1 1 1 1 1) do (
   set /a var+=%%a
   echo %var%
)
echo %var%

原因是 var 在parse的時候就會被提前展開, 所以在迴圈中 echo 出的值會是一開始parse時候的值

if ... else ...

NOT

IF EXIST "temp.txt" ECHO found

IF NOT EXIST "temp.txt" ECHO not found

if ... else ...

IF EXIST "temp.txt" (
    ECHO found
) ELSE (
    ECHO not found
)

String Comparisons

if [not] <String1>==<String2> <Command> [else <Expression>]

CompareOp:

EQU Equal to
NEQ Not equal to
LSS Less than
LEQ Less than or equal to
GTR Greater than
GEQ Greater than or equal to

/i Forces string comparisons to ignore case.

Artimetic Comparisons

SET /A var=1

IF /i "%var%" EQU "1" ECHO equality with 1

Default Value

IF "%var%"=="" (SET var=default value)

ERRORLEVEL

if [not] ERRORLEVEL <Number> <Command> [else <Expression>]

IF "%ERRORLEVEL%" NEQ "0" (
    ECHO execution failed
)

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夢想家

batch script (*.bat)

目錄

Comment

Batch script set window size

Variables

特殊 Variables

現在的日期及時間

Colon":" in variable name

stdin 與 stderr

Parameter(%0 ~ %9)

Check file exists

EXIT

Assign output of a program to a variable

PAUSE

Sleep

FOR Loop

FOR /L

FOR /G

FOR /F

Run batch script one by one

start cmd

Run batch files Simultaneously

Multiple commands on a single line

&& 與 &

Run cmd on exit

ERRORLEVEL number

SETLOCAL

if ... else ...