最後更新: 2024-02-05

目錄

• mod_alias
• mod_rewrite
  - RewriteCond
  - RewriteRule
• Rewrite Log
• Rewrite Example
• rewrite 內的 AND 與 OR
• Rewrite 進階
  - RewriteBase
• 將 URL 轉細階
• Secret Header
• RewriteMap

介紹

mod_alias directives (Redirect, RedirectTemp, RedirectPermanent, RedirectMatch)

mod_alias ALWAYS takes precedence over mod_rewrite. (in the same context)

mod_rewrite directives (RewriteEngine, RewriteOptions, RewriteBase, RewriteCond, RewriteRule),

Aliases and Redirects are processed in the order they appear in the configuration files (first win)

 

---

Load module

 

Apache/2.4

LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so

 

---

mod_alias

 

mod_alias provides directives

• Alias (server config, virtual host)
• AliasMatch
• Redirect (server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess)
• RedirectMatch

alias 的功能

存取的文件夾可以不在 DocumentRoot 內 !!

(例子: Alias /phpmyadmin /usr/share/phpmyadmin)

alias syntax

Alias URL-path Directory-path

當有多個 Alias 設定時, First Win 原則

Alias /foo/bar /baz
Alias /foo     /gaq

P.S.

• Redirects > Aliases
• First match taking precedence
• /icons/ 與 /icons 是有所不同

folder permission

當 alias 後的 folder 不在 DocumentRoot 時, 那一定要加下以下設定, 給 apache permission access

<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin>
    Order allow,deny
    Allow from all
</Directory>

注意

Setting 1

Alias /phpmyadmin /usr/share/phpmyadmin

與以下設定係有所不同的 !!

Alias /phpmyadmin/ /usr/share/phpmyadmin                 # "/phpmyadmin" 不會被 map

Setting 2

Alias /phpmyadmin/ /usr/share/phpmyadmin

此外它們都是不同

Alias /phpmyadmin/ /usr/share/phpmyadmin/

Redirect

asking the client to refetch the resource at the new location

Usage

Redirect [status] URL-path URL

• 301 (permanent)
• 302 (temporary)   <-- Default
• 303 (seeother)
• 410 (gone) indicating that the resource has been permanently removed.

* URL-path is a case-sensitive, path beginning with a slash, relative path is not allowed

* URL should be an absolute URL beginning with a scheme

Example

[1] http://datahunter.org/zh/ 會去 http://hk.yahoo.com/zh/

Redirect   /zh/   https://hk.yahoo.com

[2] http://datahunter.org/* 會去 http://hk.yahoo.com

Redirect   /      https://hk.yahoo.com

應用

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName www.example.com
    Redirect / https://www.example.com/
</VirtualHost>

Remark

如果唔想 keep "zh" 那就要

RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://hk.yahoo.com [R=301,L]

RedirectMatch

Usage:

RedirectMatch [status] regex URL

會有 url 後面那段

RedirectMatch "(.*)\.gif$" "http://other.example.com$1.jpg"

vhost override global alias

<VirtualHost _default_:8080>
  RewriteEngine On
  RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/pma/ [OR,NC]
  RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/phpMyAdmin/ [OR,NC]
  RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/phpmyadmin/ [OR,NC]
  RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/awstats/ [OR,NC]
  RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/roundcubemail/ [OR,NC]
  RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/webmail/
  RewriteRule ^.*$ - [F]
</VirtualHost>

SSL verify bypass redirect.

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/.well-known/pki-validation/
RewriteRule .* https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

 

---

---

mod_rewrite - Rewrite requests internally

 

 * Options FollowSymLinks or SymLinksIfOwnerMatch is off which implies that RewriteRule directive is forbidden

By default, mod_rewrite maps a URL to a filesystem path.
However, it can also be used to redirect one URL to another URL,
or to invoke an internal proxy fetch.

mod_rewrite operates on the full URL path, including the path-info section(query string).

以下是 drupal 的一個例子

<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
  RewriteEngine on
  RewriteBase /
   # Rewrite current-style URLs of the form 'index.php?q=x'.
  RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
  RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
  RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?q=$1 [L,QSA]
</IfModule>

RewriteCond:

RewriteCond TestString CondPattern [Flags]

Flags:

[OR], [AND]

 * 如果沒有[Flags], 則每 RewriteCond 之間隱含的 "AND" 關係, 不過每條 Rule 都係 One by One 地行

TestString:

Grouped parts

%1 to %9 provide access to the grouped parts

Server-Variables

%{NAME_OF_VARIABLE}

分別有: HTTP headers, connection & request, server internals, specials

Request

%{REQUEST_FILENAME}       # The full local filesystem path to the file (/home/vhost/domain

/web/file.ext)

%{REQUEST_URI}                # /path/to/file.txt  <-- 相對於 DocumentRoot 的 Path

                                                    * 它是 "INTERNAL REDIRECT" 後的 Path 來

%{THE_REQUEST}                # The full HTTP request line sent by the browser to the server

                                                (e.g., "GET /index.html HTTP/1.1")

                                                This value has not been unescaped (decoded)

%{SCRIPT_FILENAME}          # /home/vhost/datahunter.org/web/index.php

HTTP Header

%{HTTP_HOST}                                      # datahunter.org

Connection

%{HTTPS}                                             # text "on" if the connection is using SSL/TLS

%{REMOTE_ADDR}                                # 1.1.1.1

%{REQUEST_METHOD}

Server Internals

%{SERVER_PORT}                                  80

%{SERVER_PROTOCOL}

%{SERVER_NAME}

Environment variable

%{ENV:VariableName}

自定 Header

%{HTTP:XXXX}                                      # ie. MySecret: xxxx

CondPattern:

* CondPattern is a perl compatible regular expression with some additions

• !             Not
• -f           測試此文件存不存在
• -d          測試此目錄存不存在
• -s           regular file
• -l            symbolic link

RewriteRule:

RewriteRule Pattern target [Flag1,Flag2,Flag3]

Pattern is a perl compatible regular expression.

RewriteFlags:

合併 Flag

RewriteRule .* - [ENV=test1:1]
RewriteRule .* - [ENV=test2:1]

可以寫成

RewriteRule .* - [ENV=test1:1,ENV=test2:1]

[L]        最後一條 rule

L = terminates the current round of rewrite processing

looping 問題

情況

using RewriteRule in either .htaccess files or in <Directory> sections

即使用了 [L]

The rules have been processed, the rewritten request is handed back to the URL parsing engine to do what it may with it.

It is possible that as the rewritten request is handled, the .htaccess file or <Directory> section may be encountered again,
and thus the ruleset may be run again from the start.

RewriteBase "/"
RewriteCond "%{REQUEST_URI}" "!=/index.php"
RewriteRule "^(.*)" "/index.php?req=$1" [L,PT]

* The PT flag implies the L flag: rewriting will be stopped in order to pass the request to the next phase of processing.

RewriteCond 確保沒有 looping

[END]

It can be used to terminate not only the current round of rewrite processing

but prevent any subsequent rewrite processing from occurring in per-directory (htaccess) context.

This does not apply to new requests resulting from external redirects.

[R]        表示 redirect

# redirection status code, in the range 300-400, 302=MOVED TEMPORARILY
RewriteRule (.*) http://other.example.com$1 [R=303]

[F]        表示 forbidden

[NC]     nocase

[QSA]

QSA|qsappend # Query String Append

When the replacement URI contains a query string,

The default behavior of RewriteRule is to discard the existing query string, and replace it with the newly generated one.

Using the [QSA] flag causes the query strings to be combined.

Consider the following rule:

RewriteRule "/pages/(.+)" "/page.php?page=$1" [QSA]

A request for "/pages/123?one=two"

# With the [QSA] flag

/page.php?page=123&one=two

# Without the [QSA] flag

/page.php?page=123

 * The existing query string(one=two) will be discarded

[PT] passthrough|PT

The target (or substitution string) in a RewriteRule is assumed to be a file path, by default.

The use of the [PT] flag causes it to be treated as a URI instead.

That is to say, the use of the [PT] flag causes the result of the RewriteRule to be passed back through URL mapping,

so that location-based mappings, such as Alias, Redirect, or ScriptAlias, for example, might have a chance to take effect.

i.e.

# Omission of the [PT] flag in this case will cause the Alias to be ignored,

# resulting in a 'File not found' error being returned.

Alias "/icons" "/usr/local/apache/icons"
RewriteRule "/pics/(.+)\.jpg$" "/icons/$1.gif" [PT]

 * The PT flag implies the L flag

    rewriting will be stopped in order to pass the request to the next phase of processing.

 * The PT flag is implied in per-directory contexts such as <Directory> sections or in .htaccess files.

[P]

P|proxy

using mod_proxy

# except those for the /images and /css directories,
# to be proxied through to another server

RewriteRule ^(/(images|css).*)$ http://other.server.com:90$1 [P]

# lets Apache httpd adjust the URL in the Location, Content-Location and URI headers on HTTP redirect responses.
# ensure that redirects returning from that server are correctly passed back to the client.

ProxyPassReverse / http://other.server.com:90/

T=, H=, E=

Flags that alter metadata associated with the request (T=, H=, E=) have no affect in per-directory and htaccess context,
when a substitution (other than '-') is performed during the same round of rewrite processing.

type|T=MIME-type

Sets the MIME type with which the resulting response will be sent.
This has the same effect as the AddType directive.

# Files with 'IMG' in the name are jpg images.

RewriteRule "IMG" "-" [T=image/jpg]

RewriteOptions

Context: server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess

 

---

Rewrite Log

 

 * RewriteLog 不可以用在 .htaccess 裡

# Apache 2.4 - LogLevel Directive

2.4 係沒有 RewriteLog 及 RewriteLogLevel 獨立設定. 它是用 LogLevel 做晒

Syntax: LogLevel [module:]level [module:level]   # Default: LogLevel warn

rewrite logging of its actions at the trace1 ~ trace8

設定好後, 它會 log 在 ErrorLog 內

i.e.

LogLevel warn rewrite:trace2

 

# Apache 2.2

RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule   ^/test/(.+)  http://hk.yahoo.com/$1  [R,L]

RewriteLog "logs/rewritelog.txt"
RewriteLogLevel 3

RewirteLogLevel Directive

Default: RewirteLogLevel 0 <= no log ( range: 0~4 )

 

---

rewrite 內的 AND 與 OR

 

情況 1: Rule 1 沒有 "[L]"

RewriteCond A
RewriteRule 1
RewriteRule 2
// 等同於
if (Cond A) {
 Rule 1
}
Rule 2

測試

RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule .* - [E=MyTest:a]
RewriteRule .* - [E=MyTest:b]

test.php

<?php var_dump(getenv("MyTest")); ?>

情況 2: Cond A 後暗藏了 [AND]

RewriteCond A
RewriteCond B
RewriteRule 1
// 等同於
if (Cond A && Cond B) {
 Rule1
}

情況 3: 註明了 [OR]

RewriteCond A [OR]
RewriteCond B
RewriteRule 1
// 等同於
if (Cond A || Cond B) {
 Rule 1
}

情況 4:

rewritecond A [OR]
rewritecond B
rewritecond C [OR]
rewritecond D
RewriteRule 1
// 等同於
if ( (A or B) and (C or D) ) {
 Rule 1
}

情況 5:

RewriteCond A [OR]
RewriteCond B [OR]
RewriteCond C
RewriteCond D
RewriteRule 1
// 等同於
if ( (A OR B OR C) AND D ) { 
 Rule 1
}

 

---

Rewrite Example

 

禁止訪問某 URL

RewriteRule ^/cms "-" [F]

對 URL 限 IP access

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/admin
RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} !^(a\.a\.a\.a|b\.b\.b\.b)$
RewriteRule .* - [F]

直跳入 sub-folder

# jump to cms
RewriteEngine on
# 當有 Folder 在上層要用時
RewriteRule ^/var/          - [L]
RewriteRule ^/upload/       - [L]
# 當不是去 cms 時就跳去 cms
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/cms/
RewriteRule (.*) /cms/      [R=301,L]

http to https

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} !^192.168.123.200$
RewriteRule ^.*$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R,L]

由於用了 "{REQUEST_URI}", 所以沒有加 "()" 去括 .*

www to non-www

# www to non-www
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\. [NC]
RewriteRule ^.*$ http://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

The RewriteCond captures everything in the HTTP_HOST variable after the "www." and saves it in %1.

The RewriteRule captures the URL (sans leading "/") and saves it in $1.

non-www to www

# non-www to www
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\.
RewriteRule ^.*$ http://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

www + https

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\.
RewriteRule ^.*$ https://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
RewriteRule ^.*$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R,L]

mail. redirect to webmail

# redirect to webmail
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST}   mail\.                      [NC]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/webmail                  [NC]
RewriteRule ^.*$           http://%{HTTP_HOST}/webmail [R=301,L]

Route page by Client IP

RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} ^x\.x\.x\.x$    [OR]
RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} ^y\.y\.y\.y$
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^sorry\.html  
RewriteRule .* /sorry.html

maintenance page

# Enable Rewrite Module
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /

# Under Maintenance Page
RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} !^x\.x\.x\.x$
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/Web_Maintenance.jpg
RewriteRule .* maintenance.html [L,QSA]

# Allow Admin IP
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico
RewriteRule .* index.php [L,QSA]

 * 不用 ^(.*)$

HTTP_HOST 與 SERVER_NAME 分別

The HTTP_HOST is obtained from the HTTP request header and this is what the client actually used as "target host" of the request.

The SERVER_NAME is defined in server config. Which one to use depends on what you need it for.

client-controlled value which may thus not be reliable for use in business logic and the other is a server-controlled value which is more reliable.

Bypass rewrite for re-new SSL

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/.well-known/pki-validation/ [NC]
RewriteRule ^.*$ - [L]

用 rewrite Rule 將 sub-domain 轉頂

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST}   ^devel.x.x$ [NC]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/webdav/
RewriteRule ^/(.*)$        /singtu/$1  [L]

 

---

Rewrite 進階

 

Example Configure

Alias /myapp /home/vhosts/mywebsite/myapp
<VirtualHost *:80>
        DocumentRoot /home/vhosts/mywebsite/web
        ServerName 192.168.123.251
        CustomLog "/dev/null" combined
        ErrorLog "/dev/null"
        <Directory /home/vhosts/mywebsite/web>
                Options +Indexes
                AllowOverride All
        </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

當 alias 同 real folder 撞了

就算 "/home/vhosts/mywebsite/web/myapp" 存在, Alias 仍然是會 override 它的

http://192.168.123.251/myapp/  ->  /home/vhosts/mywebsite/myapp

alias > rewrite

以下 .htaccess 不會有效

# /home/vhosts/mywebsite/myapp/.htaccess
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule myapp/index.html test.txt

RewriteBase

 * The prefix to be used for per-directory (.htaccess) RewriteRule directives.

 * that substitute a relative path.

應用場景

This directive is required when you "use a relative path in a substitution in per-directory (.htaccess) context"

i.e.

# 準備

1. echo root > index.html
2. mkdir myapp
3. echo welcome > myapp/welcome.html
4. echo myapp > myapp/index.html

/home/vhosts/mywebsite/public_html/.htaccess

RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /myapp
RewriteRule ^index\.html$ welcome.html

http://URL/index.html             ->  /home/vhosts/mywebsite/myapp/welcome.html

http://URL/myapp/index.html  ->  /home/vhosts/mywebsite/myapp/index.html

消失了的 icons folder

The icons folder conflicts with the default apache alias

* Apache's icons directory which cannot be overridden in an .htaccess file.

Alias /icons/ "./icons/"
<Directory "./icons/">

RewriteRule on subdir

RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase   /   # <-- default
RewriteRule   test/index.html         test.txt

當 /home/vhosts/mywebsite/web/test/index.html 存在時,

Rewrite Rule 仍是優先的

i.e.

http://192.168.123.251/test/index.html  ->   /home/vhosts/mywebsite/web/test.txt

Override Global Alias

Alias /myapp /home/vhosts/mywebsite/myapp
<VirtualHost *:80>
    Alias /myapp /home/vhosts/mywebsite/web/myapp
    DocumentRoot /home/vhosts/mywebsite/web
    ....
</VirtualHost>

 

---

Website 升級 Page

 

Code

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico
# 192.168.88.177 係 admin ip
RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} !^192\.168\.88\.177$
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/underconstruction.html
RewriteRule ^.*$ https://%{SERVER_NAME}/underconstruction.html [L,QSA]

 

---

多個 .htaccess

 

[Q]
There are also .htaccess files in subfolders and folders of subfolders, but I want this rewrite rule to work in all directories all over the account whether there exists a .htaccess or not,

without copying this rule in every single file. The rules in the existing .htaccess files should continue working.

[A]
You need to add the following line into each .htaccess in subfolders if you want to have rewrite rules from parent .htaccess to be executed as well:

RewriteOptions inherit

In per-directory context this means that conditions and rules of the parent directory's .htaccess configuration are inherited.

Rules inherited from the parent scope are applied after rules specified in the child scope.

# Sets some special options for the rewrite engine
RewriteOptions Options

 

---

fcgid http login

 

Code

<IfModule mod_fcgid.c>
  RewriteEngine on
  RewriteRule .* - [env=HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization}]
</IfModule>

!

NOT character ('!') is also available as a possible pattern prefix. This enables you to negate a pattern;

- (dash)

A dash indicates that no substitution should be performed

(the existing path is passed through untouched)

This is used when a flag (see below) needs to be applied without changing the path.

i.e. 用 L flag

# framework
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^index\.html$ - [L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico
RewriteRule . /index.html [L]

E=[!]ENV[:VAL]     

Causes an environment variable NAME to be set (它沒有 value)

VAL 則設定 VAR 的值

The form !VAR causes the environment variable VAR to be unset.

With the [E], or [env] flag

[env=VAR:VAL] 縮寫: [E=VAR:VAL]

測試

RewriteRule .* - [E=MyTest:1234]

test.php

<? var_dump(getenv("MyTest")); ?>

Result

bool(false)
string(0) ""
string(4) "1234"

%{ENV:VAL}

where ENV can be any environment variable

VAL is ENV value

 

 

---

唔理打咩都飛去

 

RedirectMatch  301  "(.*)"  http://www.x.com.hk

curl -I http://x.hk/tes

 

---

.well-known 目錄

 

# 不 rewrite 某目錄

RewriteRule    ^.well-known - [L,NC]

 

---

Jump to sub-folder

 

假設有 Setting

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/
RewriteRule ^.*$ /cms [R=301,L]

======

用 "/cms" 不太好, 因為需要跳多一次

RewriteRule ^.*$ /cms [R=301,L]

curl -I http://datahunter.org

Location: http://datahunter.org/cms

curl -I http://datahunter.org/cms

Location: http://datahunter.org/cms/

======

最優化結果

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/cms/
RewriteRule ^.*$ /cms/ [R=301,L]

 

---

Rewrite subdirectory to root

 

RewriteEngine on
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^blog/(.*)$ /$1 [NC,L]

 

---

Per-directory Rewrites

 

To enable the rewrite engine in this context, you need to set "RewriteEngine On" and

  "Options FollowSymLinks" must be enabled.

If your administrator has disabled override of FollowSymLinks for a user's directory, then you cannot use the rewrite engine.

This restriction is required for security reasons.
 

 

---

個別 Path 唔用 SSL

 

RewriteEngine on
# Rule 1
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} "!GET /nic/"
RewriteRule ^.*$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
# Rule 2
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php [L,QSA]

唔用得 "%{REQUEST_URI}" 因為它只會中最終的 Path ("INTERNAL REDIRECT" 後的 Path)

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} "!/nic/"

 

---

將 URL 轉細階

 

# All URL to lowercase & redirect
RewriteMap lowercase int:tolower
RewriteCond $1 [A-Z]
RewriteRule ^/?(.*)$ /${lowercase:$1} [R=301,L]

$1 係 URL, 當 URL 有大寫時, 就將佢轉細寫, 叫 browse 再訪問過新的 URL.

 

---

Secret Header

 

簡易版: SecretHeader 不對直接 Forbidden

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP:MySecretHeader} !=12345
RewriteRule .* - [F]

Test with curl

curl -H "MySecret: 1234" URL

進階: 多組 password, whitelist IP, 就出 maintenance page

# 不對 PW AND 不中 IP AND 不中 URL 才行 Rule

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP:MySecretHeader} !^(123456|abcdef)$
RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} !^(IP1|IP2|IP3)$
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !maintenance.html
RewriteRule .* /maintenance.html [R=302]

 

---

RewriteMap

 

Defines a mapping function for key-lookup

Context: server config, virtual host ( 不可以寫在 .htaccess )

RewriteMap MapName MapType:MapSource

MapType

• Standard Plain Text(txt)
• Randomized Plain Text(rnd)
• Internal Function(int)
• External Rewriting Program(prg)

ie.

[1] Internal Function

RewriteMap lc int:tolower
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/directory/${lc:$1} -f [NC]

[2] Standard Plain Text

RewriteMap examplemap txt:/path/to/file/map.txt
RewriteRule ^/ex/(.*) ${examplemap:$1}

Internal Function(MapType: int)

• toupper:   Converts the key to all upper case.
• tolower:   Converts the key to all lower case.
• escape:    Translates special characters in the key to hex-encodings.
• unescape:  Translates hex-encodings in the key back to special characters.

External Rewriting Program(MapType: prg)

...

P.S.

.htaccess

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d [NC]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f [NC]

log

... [warn] RewriteCond: NoCase option for non-regex pattern '-d' is not supported and will be ignored.